Environmental considerations associated with hydraulic fracturing operations : adjusting to the shale revolution in a green world

Contents; Foreword; Acknowledgements; Chapter 1; 1.0 Introduction; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Cultural influences; 1.3 Conventional versus unconventional resources; 1.4 Well stimulation; 1.4.1 Types of well stimulation technologies; 1.4.2 Terminology; 1.5 Hydraulic fracturing in the United States; 1.6 Environmental considerations; 1.6.1 Environmental Stewardship; 1.6.2 The New Energy Landscape and Environmental Challenges; 1.7 Exercises; 1.8 References; 2.0 Historic Development From Fracturing To Hydraulic Fracturing; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Explosives And Guns (1820s-1930s); 2.2.1 The Battle of Fredericksburg and the Roberts Petroleum Torpedo. Company; 2.2.2 Well Casing Perforators; 2.2.3 The First Perforating Guns; 2.2.4 Bazooka Technology; 2.2.5 Matrix Acidizing Treatment; 2.2.6 The Sulphur King; 2.2.7 Modern Age of Acidizing; 2.3 The Birth Of The Petroleum Engineer (1940s-1950s); 2.3.1 The Hydrafac Process; 2.4 Going Nuclear During Peak Oil (1960s-MID1970s); 2.4.1 Project Plowshare; 2.4.2 Project Gasbuggy; 2.4.3 Project Rulison and Project Rio Blanco; 2.4.4 Project Bronco; 2.4.5 Project Wagon Wheel; 2.4.6 Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Program; 2.4.7 Other Innovations; 2.4.8 Peak Oil; 2.5 The Rise Of The Unconventionals (mid1970s-present); 2.5.1 Horizontal Drilling; 2.5.2 The Carter Years and the Role of the Feds; 2.5.3 Recent Innovations in Fluids and Additives (2000-2010); 2.6 Exercises; 2.7 References; 3.0 Geology Of Unconventional Resources; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Oil Shale Nomenclature; 3.3 Oil Shale Classification; 3.4 Types Of Formations Based On Production; Shale Gas; Tight Natural Gas; Tight Oil; Coal Bed Natural Gas; 3.5 Geology Of United States Shale Deposits; Green River Formation; Eastern Devonian-Mississippian Oil Shale Case Study; Specific Shale Plays; Barnett Shale; The Marcellus Shale; The Fayetteville Shale; The Haynesville Shale; The Woodford Shale; The Antrim Shale; The New Albany Shale; The Bakken Formation and Three Forks Formations; The Monterey Formation/Monterey Temblor; Geology of World Shale Deposits; 3.6 The Role Of Natural Fractures; 3.7 Exercises; 3.8 References; 4.0 Overview Of Drilling And Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation Techniques For Tight Oil And Gas Shale Formations; 4.1 Introduction; Overview of the Exploration-Production Life Cycle; Phases of Activity; 4.2 Phase 1

Prospect Generation For Unconventional Oil And Gas Targets; Unconventional Resources Prospecting; Geologic and Reservoir Study; Evaluation of Aerial Extent; Site-Specific Technical Details; Geochemistry and Basin History; Unconventional Resource Issues; Estimating Oil and Gas; Original Oil in Place (OOIP); Original Gas in Place (OGIP); Risk Factors; Geochemistry Studies; Geophysical Data Acquisition; Gravity Surveys; Geomagnetic Surveys; Seismic Reflection Surveys; 4.3 Phase 2

Planning Phase; Leases; Drilling Permit Process and Public Participation; Drilling Pad Construction; 4.4 Phase 3

Drilling; Drilling Rig; Circulation System; Logging Equipment; Fluid Management System; Drill String; Directional Drilling and Horizontal Drilling; Casing System; Conductor Casing; Surface Casing; Intermediate Casing; Production Casing; Blowout Preventer; Cementing System; 4.5 Brief Overview Of Hydraulic Fracturing; 4.6 Operators And Contractors; 4.7 Phase 4

Completion; 4.8 Overview Of Hydraulic Fracturing Process; Technology Improvements; 4.9 Single Stage Treatment; Four Phase Treatment; Phase 1

Acid Injection; Phase 2

Slickwater Injection; Phase 3

Proppant Sequence Injection; Phase 4

Flushing Phase; 4.10 Fluid Recovery And Waste Management; Flowback Fluids; 4.11 Oil And Gas Production; Residual Oil Zones: Unconventional Target; Co-Produced Water; 4.12 Norm; Transportation Challenges; Lithium Source; Oil and Gas Production Limits; 4.13 Workshop #1

Gas Well Economic Limit; 4.14 Workshop #2

Oil Well Economics; 4.15 Well Or Field Abandonment; Site Restoration; 4.16 Summary; 4.17 Exercises; 4.18 References; 5.0 Overview Of Impacts From Tight Oil And Shale Gas Resource Development; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Potential Impacts And Risk Of Spills; 5.3 Significance Of Impacts; 5.4 Overview Of The Five Main Resource Categories; Air Resources; Geological and Soil Resources; Ecological Resources; Land Use Resources and Socioeconomics; Water Resources; 5.5 Primary Wastes Generated; 5.6 Site-Specific Impact Analysis; Checklist for Site-Specific Impact Analysis; 5.6.1 Impacts from Phase 1

Prospect Generation; Geochemical Sampling; Geophysical Surveys; 5.6.2 Impacts from Phase 2

Planning and Site Preparation; Emissions; Surface Footprint; Waste Generation; Water; Workforce and Time; Other Impacts; 5.6.3 Impacts from Phase 3

Drilling; Emissions; Hazardous Materials; Surface Footprint; Waste Generation; Water Requirements; Workforce and Time; Utility Requirements; Other Impacts; Blowouts; Well Control; Fracking Related Surface Blowouts; Underground Blowouts; 5.6.4 Impacts from Produced Fluids and Gases at Oil and Gas Fields; Constituents of Environmental Concern; 5.6.5 Impacts from Natural Gas; 5.6.6 Impacts from Crude Oil; 5.6.7 Impacts from Phase 4

Well Completion and Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation; 5.6.8 Impacts from Phase 5

Fluid Recovery and Waste Management; 5.6.9 Impacts from Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMS); 5.6.10 Impacts from Other Miscellaneous Hazardous Compounds; 5.6.11 Impacts from Phase 6

Oil and Gas Production; Activities; Spills and Leaks; Surface Footprint; Utility Requirements; Waste Generation; Water Needs; Workforce and Time; 5.6.12 Impacts from Drilling Fluids and Production Wastes; 5.6.13 Impacts from Specific Oil and Gas Field Locations; 5.6.14 Impacts from Historic and Abandoned Oil, Gas and Water Wells; 5.6.15 Impacts from Transportation Activities; 5.6.16 Impacts from Phase 7

Well Abandonment and Site Restoration; Emissions; Exhaust; Surface Footprint; Waste Generation; Water Needs; Workforce and Time; Utility Requirements; 5.7 SUMMARY OF RESOURCES AND ISSUES; Air Resources; Mitigation Measures; Ecological Resources; Mitigation Measures; Cultural and Paleontological Resources