The pleasure shock: the rise of deep brain stimulation and its forgotten inventor

Book Cover
Average Rating
Publisher
Dutton
Publication Date
[2018]
Language
English

Description

The electrifying, forgotten history of Robert Heath's brain pacemaker, investigating the origins and ethics of one of today's most promising medical breakthroughs: deep brain stimulationThe technology invented by psychiatrist Robert G. Heath in the 1950s and '60s has been described as among the most controversial experiments in US history. His work was alleged at the time to be part of MKUltra, the CIA's notorious "mind control" project. His research subjects included incarcerated convicts and gay men who wished to be "cured" of their sexual preference. Yet his cutting-edge research and legacy were quickly buried deep in Tulane University's archives. Investigative science journalist Lone Frank now tells the complete sage of this passionate, determined doctor and his groundbreaking neuroscience.More than fifty years after Heath's experiments, this very same treatment is becoming mainstream practice in modern psychiatry for everything from schizophrenia, anorexia, and compulsive behavior to depression, Parkinson's, and even substance addiction.Lone Frank uncovered lost documents and accounts of Heath's trailblazing work. She tracked down surviving colleagues and patients, and she delved into the current support for deep brain stimulation by scientists and patients alike. What has changed? Why do we today unquestioningly embrace this technology as a cure? How do we decide what is a disease of the brain to be cured and what should be allowed to remain unrobed and unprodded? And how do we weigh the decades of criticism against the promise of treatment that could be offered to millions of patients?Elegantly written and deeply fascinating, The Pleasure Shock weaves together biography, scientific history, and medical ethics. It is an adventure into our ever-shifting views of the mind and the fateful power we wield when we tinker with the self.

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ISBN
9781101986530

Table of Contents

From the Book

Singing the brain electric
The second coming
Treat yourself
How happy is too happy?
The times they are a-changin'
The secret history of hedonia
A cure for violence
Dreams from DARPA
A grand mistake
The machine in the mind.

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Published Reviews

Booklist Review

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an FDA-approved neurosurgery involving implantation of electrodes that selectively stimulate certain areas of the brain. It's an effective treatment for movement disorders (Parkinson's disease and essential tremor) that do not respond to the usual drug therapies. DBS has also been touted as a possible remedy for some psychiatric conditions, such as OCD and Tourette's. Frank, a PhD neurobiologist and science writer, portrays a DBS pioneer, psychiatrist Robert Heath of Tulane University. Heath began using brain stimulation on patients in the early 1950s for such conditions as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and depression as well as homosexuality. He was particularly interested in manipulating mood. His provocative career presented some serious ethical problems, including novel medical treatment and human experimentation. Nonetheless, the future of DBS looks rosy. In 2013 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) designated $70 million to further develop the technology for possible use in treating traumatic brain injury and other applications. Frank does a solid job of profiling the controversial Heath and investigating how science is propelled and complicated by personality, ego, and ambition.--Miksanek, Tony Copyright 2018 Booklist

From Booklist, Copyright (c) American Library Association. Used with permission.
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Publisher's Weekly Review

Science writer Frank (My Beautiful Genome) takes a deep dive into the work of a controversial "pioneer by accident," psychiatrist Robert G. Heath, whose use of electrode stimulation to the brain's "pleasure center" to treat schizophrenia and depression in the 1950s and '60s horrified and fascinated academia, the CIA, and the U.S. Senate. This wide-ranging, thoughtful exploration of Heath's complicated legacy combs through documents, film footage, and interviews with Heath's colleagues, his son, and a patient. It begins with the treatment of patient B-19, a gay man who was supposed to be cured with electrodes and a prostitute; when Heath died in 1999, his work was largely judged by that perverse episode: "It seems as if he had a vision of something of which he could not clearly see the contours-quite simply because science had not yet reached far enough and the tools were still primitive." Though Heath's work has been discredited, he began an approach that's getting a new look from psychiatry and industry, making one psychosurgeon's assessment particularly poignant: "You are a hero until you are not." Frank has written an excellent, balanced portrait of an inventive psychiatrist with a complicated legacy. Agent: Peter Tallack, the Science Factory. (Mar.) © Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved.

(c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved
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Kirkus Book Review

Science in the service of power can easily be warped and distortedbut, as this book shows, it can sometimes yield unexpected benefits.Robert G. Heath (1915-1999) was once a widely respected, influential psychiatrist at Tulane University. As neurobiologist-turned-science journalist Frank (My Beautiful Genome: Discovering Our Genetic Future, One Quirk at a Time, 2012, etc.) writes, Heath's biologically oriented work found many acolytes, among them a student who lost his academic chair later in life for having "prescribed too many interestingand illegalmedications" to the university football team. Some of Heath's work was equally troubling on the ethical front. He likely worked with the CIA on mind control experiments. Moreover, as Frank's book opens, we find him attempting "to convert a homosexual man to heterosexual preferences through brain stimulation," having wired electrodes into the patient's brain's "pleasure center" and hired a female prostitute to effect the conversion. Heath's "brain pacemaker," as he called the electrode device, was applied to dozens of other patients suffering from schizophrenia and depression, a seemingly brutal application save that other remedies were more invasive electroshock treatments and lobotomies. It turns out, writes the author, that although Heath is forgotten or discredited today, he was on to something: what is called "deep brain stimulation" is at the forefront of psychological studies today, with uses that include treating PTSD and traumatic brain injury. Arriving at this conclusion took decades of work in neuroscience, including the ability to study MRI scans of neural centers, among them "brain regions involved with our motivation, our experience of fear, our learning abilities and memory, libido, regulation of sleep, appetite"in short, activities of interest to industry and government as well as science. Heath's work may then have application after all, writes Frank, even if one psychiatric technician allows along the way that "maybe he shouldn't have done that experiment."A thoughtful, always interesting look into the workings of the mindand the sometimes-surprising implications of how those workings have been revealed. Copyright Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.

Copyright (c) Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.
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Booklist Reviews

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an FDA-approved neurosurgery involving implantation of electrodes that selectively stimulate certain areas of the brain. It's an effective treatment for movement disorders (Parkinson's disease and essential tremor) that do not respond to the usual drug therapies. DBS has also been touted as a possible remedy for some psychiatric conditions, such as OCD and Tourette's. Frank, a PhD neurobiologist and science writer, portrays a DBS pioneer, psychiatrist Robert Heath of Tulane University. Heath began using brain stimulation on patients in the early 1950s for such conditions as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and depression as well as homosexuality. He was particularly interested in manipulating mood. His provocative career presented some serious ethical problems, including novel medical treatment and human experimentation. Nonetheless, the future of DBS looks rosy. In 2013 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) designated $70 million to further develop the technology for possible use in treating traumatic brain injury and other applications. Frank does a solid job of profiling the controversial Heath and investigating how science is propelled and complicated by personality, ego, and ambition. Copyright 2018 Booklist Reviews.

Copyright 2018 Booklist Reviews.
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Publishers Weekly Reviews

Science writer Frank (My Beautiful Genome)takes a deep dive into the work of a controversial "pioneer by accident," psychiatrist Robert G. Heath, whose use of electrode stimulation to the brain's "pleasure center" to treat schizophrenia and depression in the 1950s and '60s horrified and fascinated academia, the CIA, and the U.S. Senate. This wide-ranging, thoughtful exploration of Heath's complicated legacy combs through documents, film footage, and interviews with Heath's colleagues, his son, and a patient. It begins with the treatment of patient B-19, a gay man who was supposed to be cured with electrodes and a prostitute; when Heath died in 1999, his work was largely judged by that perverse episode: "It seems as if he had a vision of something of which he could not clearly see the contours—quite simply because science had not yet reached far enough and the tools were still primitive." Though Heath's work has been discredited, he began an approach that's getting a new look from psychiatry and industry, making one psychosurgeon's assessment particularly poignant: "You are a hero until you are not." Frank has written an excellent, balanced portrait of an inventive psychiatrist with a complicated legacy. Agent: Peter Tallack, the Science Factory. (Mar.)

Copyright 2018 Publishers Weekly.

Copyright 2018 Publishers Weekly.
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