Democracy and dictatorship in Europe: from the Ancien régime to the present day

Questions about political development

The Ancien régime

English exceptionalism I

The French Revolution

1848

The French Third Republic

Italian unification

German unification

The struggle for democracy in interwar France

English exceptionalism II

The collapse of democracy and the rise of fascism in Italy

The collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of National Socialism in Germany

Political development in Spain

The consolidation of democracy in Western Europe

The transition to communist dictatorships in East Central Europe

The transition to democracy in Spain

The transition to democracy in East-Central Europe

Lessons from Europe.