The original meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment: its letter and spirit

The early origins of privileges or immunities

The antislavery origins of "privileges or immunities"

The antislavery origins of Republican citizenship

Reconstructing national citizenship

The letter : writing and ratifying the privileges or immunities clause

Enforcing citizenship

Competing originalist interpretations

The spirit : implementing the privileges or immunities clause

The letter : the original meaning of "due process of law"

The spirit : implementing the due process of law clause

The proper ends of legislative power

The letter : the "equal protection of the laws"

The spirit : implementing the equal protection of the laws.